To make the sauce: In a pot over medium heat, sauté the garlic in oil until fragrant. Add the tomato paste, salt, cayenne pepper, and black pepper. Stir and bring to a boil. Add the vinegar and let it cook for 5 minutes. Remove from heat and set aside until ready to use.

To make the dukka: Mix all the ingredients together, then place in a pan over heat until it comes to a boil. Remove from heat and set aside.

In a pot over medium heat, add some oil and fry the onion until golden brown. Remove the fried onions from the oil and set aside.

In the same pot with the remaining oil, add the lentils and stir. Add salt, black pepper, and enough water to cover. Cook until the lentils are tender.

Add the rice to the lentils and cook until the rice is done.

To serve the koshari, layer the rice and lentils, then add the pasta. Top with tomato sauce, fried onions, and dukka.