grape leaves (use fresh green grape leaves if available) • Salt • Black pepper • Cumin (to taste) • Crushed red pepper flakes (optional, for heat) • Tomato juice • medium sweet onions, chopped • vegetable oil (for sautéing) • Fresh herbs, finely chopped and well washed (such as parsley, dill, and cilantro) • Beef or chicken broth, or any available stock • tomato paste (if the tomatoes are pale in color)